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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation
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Published on: January 5, 2014

"On hypnotism" (1860) De l'hypnotisme.

Donald Robertson1

  • 1HypnoSynthesisUK@aol.com

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

James Braid defined hypnotism as a psychological process, distinct from mesmerism. His work suggests suggestibility is key, even in a waking state, challenging the necessity of deep hypnotic sleep.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • History of Science

Background:

  • James Braid's final work on hypnotism, originally in French, is now available in English.
  • This essay contrasts hypnotism with mesmerism, highlighting Braid's evolving theories.

Observation:

  • Braid conceptualized hypnotism as a subjective, psychological phenomenon.
  • He proposed that focused attention on dominant ideas is the core mechanism.
  • The concept of "double consciousness" was explored through hypnotic amnesia.

Findings:

  • Over 90% of Braid's subjects experienced "reverie" rather than deep sleep or dissociation.
  • High suggestibility was observed in subjects even in a waking state.
  • Braid's findings challenged prevailing objective and paranormal theories of mesmerism.

Implications:

  • This work reframes hypnotism as a psychological state influenced by suggestion.
  • It provides historical context for understanding the development of hypnosis research.
  • The findings underscore the importance of suggestibility across different states of consciousness.