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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

[Encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with pandemic flu].

Raita Tamaki1, Taro Kamigaki, Hitoshi Oshitani

  • 1Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|February 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Avian influenza A (H5N1) poses a pandemic threat, potentially causing neurological complications beyond respiratory symptoms. Understanding these risks is crucial for pandemic preparedness and public health strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Neurology

Context:

  • Avian influenza A (H5N1) circulates globally, posing a pandemic risk.
  • Influenza pandemics have historically been associated with severe neurological complications.
  • Recent outbreaks of encephalopathy in Japan suggest a link between influenza and neurological disease.

Purpose:

  • To review neurological complications associated with influenza, including past pandemics and recent epidemics.
  • To examine human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) involving the central nervous system (CNS).
  • To enhance preparedness for future influenza pandemics by understanding broader clinical manifestations.

Summary:

  • Avian influenza A (H5N1) can cause severe disease in humans, targeting organs beyond the lungs.
  • Historical data links influenza pandemics to neurological conditions like encephalitis lethargica.
  • Review of influenza-associated encephalopathy in Japan and H5N1 CNS infections.

Impact:

  • Informing public health strategies for pandemic influenza preparedness.
  • Highlighting the potential for influenza viruses to cause neurological disease.
  • Guiding clinical recognition and management of influenza-related neurological complications.