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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow.

Mohamed Mansour Elzohairy¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. elzohairy2020@yahoo.com

|February 25, 2009

Summary

Open reduction surgery effectively restored elbow function and stability in patients with neglected posterior elbow dislocations. This treatment, combined with physical therapy, improved range of motion and daily living activities.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Traumatology
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Posterior elbow dislocation can lead to significant functional impairment if left untreated.
Untreated dislocations often result in stiffness and inadequate range of motion for daily activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of open reduction and V-Y muscleplasty in treating subacute, untreated posterior elbow dislocations.
To assess functional outcomes and stability following surgical intervention.

Main Methods:

The study involved six patients (two adults, four children) with neglected posterior elbow dislocations.
Surgical procedure included open reduction and V-Y muscleplasty, followed by a supervised physical therapy program.
Mean follow-up duration was 19 months.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Main Results:

All patients achieved stable elbows post-surgery, with no instability reported.
The Mayo Elbow Performance Index score improved significantly from a mean of 5 to 83.
Mean elbow flexion improved from 18 to 93 degrees, and pronation-supination improved from 20 to 119 degrees.

Conclusions:

Open reduction and V-Y muscleplasty, coupled with physical therapy, is a viable treatment for neglected posterior elbow dislocations presenting within 3 months.
The procedure can successfully restore elbow function, stability, and improve patient quality of life.