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T Cell Types and Functions

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Signals for the execution of Th2 effector function.

Deborah J Fowell1

  • 1David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 609, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Deborah_Fowell@urmc.rochester.edu

Cytokine
|February 25, 2009
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Summary

Immune cells called T cells require specific signals to fight infections. This study explores how T cells initiate and execute their functions, focusing on Th2 cells and the ITK kinase.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Effective control of infections relies on lymphocytes producing specific cytokine and chemokine effector molecules.
  • T cell differentiation into distinct effector subsets is governed by signals from the T cell receptor (TCR) and cytokine receptors.
  • While TCR signaling initiates effector programs, the requirements for executing effector functions are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent observations on the distinct signaling requirements for initiating and executing cytokine programs in CD4+ T cells.
  • To focus on Th2 cells and the kinase ITK, highlighting differences in their signaling pathways.
  • To explore potential regulation points for effector function, including transcription, translation, and spatial segregation of signals.

Main Methods:

  • Gene knock-out approaches to investigate the sensitivity of effector program initiation to TCR signaling components.
  • Review of recent observations focusing on Th2 cells and the ITK kinase.
  • Discussion of transcription and translation regulation of cytokine genes.

Main Results:

  • Initiation of effector programs shows differential sensitivity to the loss of TCR signaling components.
  • Th2 effector cells exhibit distinct signaling from naïve T cells and Th1 effectors.
  • Differences in signal transduction or selective receptivity to activation signals in Th2 cells are suggested.

Conclusions:

  • There are distinct signaling requirements for the initiation versus execution of cytokine programs in CD4+ T cells.
  • Th2 effector cells possess unique signaling characteristics compared to naïve and Th1 cells.
  • Effector function execution may be regulated at transcriptional and translational levels and spatially segregated at inflammatory sites.