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Related Concept Videos

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

[Urology].

Patrice Jichlinski1, Marc Wisard

  • 1Service d'urologie, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne. Patrice.Jichlinski@chuv.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
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PubMed
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Prostate cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Prostate cancer PSA velocity indicates tumor aggressiveness.
  • Metastatic prostate cancer survival is similar with early or late hormonal therapy.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers a slight benefit for invasive bladder cancer.
  • Anti-angiogenic agents improve survival in kidney cancer.
  • First-line antimuscarinic agents lack proven efficacy for non-neurogenic overactive bladder.
  • 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors treat erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms.

Purpose:

  • To review current findings on various urological conditions and their treatments.
  • To highlight key advancements and limitations in urological cancer and bladder dysfunction therapies.

Summary:

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity is a key indicator of prostate cancer aggressiveness.
  • Hormonal treatment timing does not impact survival in metastatic prostate cancer.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides a marginal advantage for invasive bladder cancer.
  • Anti-angiogenic therapies enhance survival rates for kidney cancer patients.
  • Current research shows limited success with first-line antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder.
  • 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors offer dual benefits for erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Impact:

  • Provides a concise overview of current urological treatment landscapes.
  • Informs clinical decision-making for prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers.
  • Identifies areas needing further research in overactive bladder treatment.
  • Highlights the therapeutic potential of 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors in urology.