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Related Concept Videos

The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time02:39

The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time

While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates concentrations of reactants and time. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine the amount of reactant or product present after a period of time or to estimate the time required for a reaction to proceed to a certain extent. For example, an integrated rate law helps determine the length of time a radioactive material must be stored for its...
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a reaction.
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Three-Compartment Open Model

The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
The Small x Assumption02:20

The Small x Assumption

If a reaction has a small equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position favors the reactants. In such reactions, a negligible change in concentration may occur if the initial concentrations of reactants are high and the Kc value is small. In such circumstances, the equilibrium concentration is approximately equal to its initial concentration. This estimation can be used to simplify the equilibrium calculations by assuming that some equilibrium concentrations are equal to the initial...
The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation01:29

The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry and thermodynamics that describes the relationship between a substance's vapor pressure and temperature. Named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, the equation is integral in predicting a substance's behavior under different temperature conditions.The Clausius-Clapeyron equation allows us to calculate how the pressure at which a liquid boils (its vapor pressure) changes as the temperature changes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
11:19

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Published on: October 21, 2016

A variable rate coefficient chlorine decay model.

Philip M R Jonkergouw1, Soon-Thiam Khu, Dragan A Savic

  • 1Centre for Water Systems, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK. pjonkergouw@gmail.com

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new variable rate coefficient (VRC) chlorine decay model offers accurate predictions for water disinfection. This model is independent of loading conditions, improving chlorine dosing optimization in water distribution networks.

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Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor
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Published on: September 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Engineering
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Chlorine is the primary global water disinfectant, making optimal usage critical for public and environmental health.
  • Accurate chlorine decay models are essential for predicting residual concentrations and optimizing dosing in water distribution systems.
  • Existing models often have coefficients dependent on loading conditions, limiting their practical application in real-time water management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a novel numerical chlorine decay model.
  • To develop a model with parameters independent of loading conditions for improved practicality.
  • To enhance the reliability of chlorine decay modeling for water distribution networks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a four-parameter numerical model based on kinetic equations for concurrent bimolecular second-order reactions.
  • Named the model the variable rate coefficient (VRC) chlorine decay model.
  • Validated the VRC model by comparing its performance against a literature model and using independent datasets.

Main Results:

  • The proposed VRC chlorine decay model demonstrated consistent agreement with experimental data.
  • The model's parameters were found to be independent of loading conditions.
  • Performance assessment confirmed the VRC model's reliability and accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The VRC chlorine decay model provides a more practical and reliable approach to predicting chlorine decay in water.
  • This model can significantly improve the optimization of chlorine dosing strategies in water distribution networks.
  • The findings support the adoption of the VRC model for routine water quality management and operational studies.