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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
06:44

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 7, 2020

Intracranial dural metastases.

Lakshmi Nayak1, Lauren E Abrey, Fabio M Iwamoto

  • 1Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.

Cancer
|February 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Intracranial dural metastases (IDM) are common in advanced cancer patients. Surgical resection and chemotherapy can improve progression-free survival, with resection also improving overall survival for these brain metastases.

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Radiology
  • Medical oncology

Background:

  • Intracranial dural metastases (IDM) are a known autopsy finding in advanced cancer.
  • Systematic study of IDM in the modern neuroimaging era is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the demographics, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, treatment strategies, and prognosis of patients with intracranial dural metastases.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 122 patients with IDM diagnosed between 1999 and 2006.
  • Exclusion of patients with concurrent brain or leptomeningeal metastases.

Main Results:

  • Breast and prostate cancers were the most frequent primary tumors. Single dural metastasis was common (56%).

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

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  • Imaging revealed skull metastases, dural tail signs, vasogenic edema, and brain invasion. Direct extension from skull metastases was the primary spread.
  • Lower Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) and lung cancer were linked to poorer survival. Resection and chemotherapy improved progression-free survival; resection improved overall survival.

    • Conclusions:

    • Intracranial dural metastases impact a notable number of cancer patients.
    • Treatment decisions for IDM should consider patient performance status (KPS) and systemic cancer status.