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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

The quest for cold and ultracold molecules.

David W Chandler1, Kevin E Strecker

  • 1Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94550, USA. chand@sandia.gov

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|February 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Scientists have cooled molecules to near absolute zero, achieving ultracold temperatures. This breakthrough in molecular cooling opens new frontiers in physics and chemistry research.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular physics
  • Quantum chemistry
  • Low-temperature physics

Background:

  • Achieving ultracold temperatures is crucial for advancing molecular science.
  • Previous methods have limitations in reaching deep cryogenic conditions for molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent experimental advancements in cooling molecules to sub-Kelvin temperatures.
  • To highlight the significance of reaching the ultracold regime for molecular samples.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental realization of molecular samples.
  • Techniques for achieving deep cooling towards the ultracold regime.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of molecular samples approaching the ultracold regime.
  • Demonstration of deep cooling of molecules to sub-Kelvin temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The experimental achievement of ultracold molecules marks a significant milestone.
  • These advancements promise substantial impact across various scientific disciplines, including chemistry and physics.