Cancer induction by exogenous hormones: possible androgen-induced cancer

Since 1973, there has been an increase in the reported number of cases of liver tumors (both benign and malignant), associated with the intake of male hormones as anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives. Because these tumors are very rare in the younger age groups, and because there are approximately 50 million women taking oral contraceptives at the present time, there is a definite need for a large-scale epidemiological investigation to clarify this possible association.