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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
Published on: November 27, 2017
Stem cell research: from what stage may a cell or cellular artifact be qualified as an embryo?
1Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Abstract:
Until recently, the answer to that question was obvious: from fertilization. The discovery that artificial cellular constructs, by nuclear transfer from adult cells and by other techniques, can produce blastocyst-like structures, which under some conditions may develop into embryos upon uterine implantation, with no fertilization, leads us to consider successful uterine implantation as necessary for the qualification of what is an embryo. This implies replacement of essentialist definitions by evolutionary ones. In addition, the concept of potentiality must not be restricted to genome formation but extended to subsequent epigenetic events in embryonic development.
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