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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
The skin, which is the primary organ of the integumentary system, consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is the...
Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Insight into how skin changes perfume.

J M Behan1, A P Macmaster, K D Perring

  • 1Quest International Research Laboratories, Ashford, Kent TN24 OLT, UK.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|February 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fragrance performance varies on skin due to physical and chemical interactions. While direct skin transformation is minimal, microbial activity and product formulation can alter perfume scent profiles.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Consumer perception of personal care products is heavily influenced by fragrance.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the physical and biochemical behavior of perfumes on skin.
  • Perfume performance variability across different skin types necessitates mechanistic elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical and chemical interactions between perfumes and skin.
  • To quantify perfume behavior on skin versus inert surfaces.
  • To assess skin-mediated chemical transformations of fragrance compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Headspace analysis and solvent swabbing were employed to monitor fragrance concentrations.
  • Physical interactions were studied by comparing perfume behavior on skin and vitreous tiles.
  • Chemical interactions were examined across various perfume functional groups under non-forcing conditions.

Main Results:

  • Physical interactions significantly influence perfume behavior on skin.
  • Skin-mediated chemical transformation of perfumes is generally low on clean, dry skin.
  • Microbially catalyzed reactions in the underarm may alter perfume ingredients.
  • Product-mediated transformations, like pH-sensitive citral acetalization, are feasible.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding perfume-skin interactions is crucial for explaining performance variations.
  • Microbial and product-mediated transformations offer potential for novel fragrance delivery and longevity.
  • Further research into these interactions can optimize fragrance product development.