Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Archival Research

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Theoretical and experimental study of the correlation between pulsed light repetition frequency and electric field measurement.

Optics letters·2026

Same author

Targeting the LPS-STING axis: neomycin restores STING-mediated anti-tumor immune suppression and inhibits tumor growth.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

Senescent cells promote viral infection-associated inflammation and tissue damage through a robust NF-κB pathway.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2025

Same author

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis in pediatric population: a multicenter study of 20,727 children in Hubei, China.

BMC infectious diseases·2025

Same author

C7ORF41 Alleviates Ferroptosis Via the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis in Endotoxin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

Inflammation·2025

Same author

Seasonal patterns and prevalence of respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory infections in Wuhan, China.

Journal of infection in developing countries·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

Posing the research question: not so simple.

Lehana Thabane¹, Tara Thomas, Chenglin Ye

¹Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. thabanl@mcmaster.ca

Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'Anesthesie

|February 28, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The PICOT (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) approach can improve research question clarity for novice investigators. However, a review of anesthesia literature found 96% of studies did not use this structured format.

More Related Videos

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Published on: June 6, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Published on: June 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical research methodology
Clinical question formulation
Anesthesia research

Background:

Translating clinical problems into researchable questions is crucial for research success.
Novice investigators often face challenges in effectively framing research questions.
The PICOT (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) framework offers a structured approach to question development.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the application of the PICOT structure in framing research questions.
To examine the adherence to PICOT criteria within the anesthesia literature.
To provide guidance for using the PICOT format in developing clear research questions.

Main Methods:

Literature search on framing research questions using MEDLINE.
Systematic review of articles published in four major anesthesia journals during 2006.
Analysis of study designs including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-controlled studies.

Main Results:

A total of 313 articles were included in the review.
The majority of studies were randomized controlled trials (44%) and cohort studies (41%).
A significant 96% of reviewed articles failed to utilize the PICOT approach in reporting their research questions.

Conclusions:

The PICOT approach holds potential for enhancing the definition and clarity of research questions.
Further investigation is needed to ascertain if adherence to the PICOT style correlates with improved research reporting quality.
The study highlights a low adoption rate of structured question-framing methods in anesthesia research.