Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lagrange Multipliers: Two Constraints01:28

Lagrange Multipliers: Two Constraints

The method of Lagrange multipliers with two constraints is used to optimize a function subject to two independent constraints. In many applications, the objective function represents a quantity to be maximized or minimized, such as cost, area, distance, or energy. The two constraints represent requirements that the solution must satisfy, such as fixed volume, limited resources, or prescribed dimensions.For a function of three variables, each constraint forms a surface in three-dimensional space.
Calibration Curves: Linear Least Squares01:20

Calibration Curves: Linear Least Squares

A calibration curve is a plot of the instrument's response against a series of known concentrations of a substance. This curve is used to set the instrument response levels, using the substance and its concentrations as standards. Alternatively, or additionally, an equation is fitted to the calibration curve plot and subsequently used to calculate the unknown concentrations of other samples reliably.
For data that follow a straight line, the standard method for fitting is the linear...
One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation01:24

One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation

This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
On...
Application of Nonlinear Inequalities01:29

Application of Nonlinear Inequalities

A nonlinear inequality describes a comparison involving an expression that curves or behaves more complexly than a straight line. These inequalities often appear in forms that include squares, products, or variables in the denominator.To solve such an inequality, one starts by rewriting it so that zero appears on one side. For example, the inequality:  can be factored as: This form makes it easier to identify the values that cause the expression to equal zero. In this case, the key values are 3...
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear.
Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model01:13

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
When a drug is administered through a constant intravenous infusion and eliminated via nonlinear pharmacokinetics, it follows zero-order input. For example, oral drugs undergo first-order absorption upon administration and are eliminated through nonlinear pharmacokinetics.
In the case of subcutaneously administered drugs,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Measurement of the lifetime difference between Bs mass eigenstates.

Physical review letters·2005
Same author

Destruction of organic pollutants in reusable wastewater using advanced oxidation technology.

Chemosphere·2005
Same author

[A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of teniposide in brain tissue using electro-chemical detection].

Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography·2005
Same author

Correlating gene expression with chemical scaffolds of cytotoxic agents: ellipticines as substrates and inhibitors of MDR1.

The pharmacogenomics journal·2005
Same author

[Effects of cytokines on multidrug-resistance in K562/A02 cells].

Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi·2005
Same author

Analysis of the neuroligin 3 and 4 genes in autism and other neuropsychiatric patients.

Molecular psychiatry·2004
Same journal

In operando imaging of the space-charge region in a 4H-SiC MOSCAP using STEM-EBIC.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same journal

The future of DXA: How AI is transforming bone health diagnostics.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same journal

The Origins of Ploem's Filter Cube: A Pandora's Box.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same journal

The reproducibility gap in graph neural network workflows for cell dynamics: A checklist-driven case study.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same journal

Assessing the reproducibility of a bioimage analysis workflow characterising tissue flow in Drosophila.

Journal of microscopy·2026
Same journal

Modular training resources for bioimage analysis.

Journal of microscopy·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis
07:11

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis

Published on: August 19, 2021

Estimating contrast transfer function and associated parameters by constrained non-linear optimization.

C Yang1, W Jiang, D-H Chen

  • 1Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. CYang@lbl.gov

Journal of Microscopy
|March 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate macromolecule 3D reconstruction needs contrast transfer function (CTF) and envelope function correction. A new algorithm automatically estimates these parameters, improving image analysis for cryo-electron microscopy.

More Related Videos

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology
06:24

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology

Published on: December 15, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis
07:11

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis

Published on: August 19, 2021

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology
06:24

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology

Published on: December 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational imaging

Background:

  • Three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecules from 2D electron microscopy images is crucial for understanding biological structures.
  • Accurate determination and correction of the contrast transfer function (CTF) and envelope function are essential steps in this process.
  • Existing methods for parameter estimation can be complex and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated computational method for simultaneously estimating CTF and envelope function parameters.
  • To improve the accuracy and efficiency of macromolecule 3D reconstruction in single-particle electron imaging.

Main Methods:

  • A novel computational algorithm utilizing constrained non-linear optimization.
  • Simultaneous and automatic estimation of essential parameters within the CTF and envelope function models.
  • Validation using focal series images of amorphous carbon film and cryo-EM images of icosahedral virus particles.

Main Results:

  • Successful simultaneous and automatic estimation of CTF and envelope function parameters.
  • Demonstrated applicability to both standard calibration samples (amorphous carbon) and complex biological specimens (virus particles).
  • The developed method provides accurate parameter estimation for improved 3D reconstructions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed computational algorithm offers an efficient and accurate solution for CTF and envelope function determination.
  • This method facilitates more reliable three-dimensional reconstructions of macromolecules from single-particle electron images.
  • The automation of parameter estimation streamlines the cryo-electron microscopy workflow.