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Physiology of exercise in the cold.

T J Doubt1

  • 1Hyperbaric Environmental Adaptation Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|June 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
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Exercise in cold environments impairs fat metabolism despite hormonal signals, with carbohydrate intake being crucial for performance. Cold exposure affects physiological responses like ventilation and oxygen uptake.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Environmental Physiology
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Increased incidence of exercise in cold environments due to recreational and occupational demands.
  • Understanding the interplay between exercise and cold on human physiological responses is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the metabolic, cardiopulmonary, muscular, and thermal responses to exercise in cold conditions.
  • To differentiate responses in cold air versus cold water.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of physiological parameters including fat metabolism indicators (FFA, glycerol), hormonal responses (catecholamines), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen consumption (VO2), lactate levels, minute ventilation, and heart rate.
  • Comparison of responses during exercise in cold versus warmer conditions (air and water).

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Main Results:

  • Contrary to expectations, exercise in cold does not enhance fat metabolism; free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol levels may be lower, suggesting impaired lipid mobilization despite higher catecholamines.
  • Increased minute ventilation and oxygen consumption (VO2) are observed during cold exercise, potentially due to shivering, increased muscle tonus, or nonshivering thermogenesis.
  • Lactate levels are generally higher, and heart rate is often lower during exercise in the cold.

Conclusions:

  • Adequate carbohydrate intake is essential for exercise in cold environments, with carbohydrate loading showing efficacy.
  • Cold-induced vasoconstriction may impair lipid mobilization from adipose tissue during exercise.
  • Physiological responses like ventilation and oxygen uptake are significantly altered by cold exposure during exercise.