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Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: April 11, 2019

Hematuria with electroconvulsive therapy: a case report.

Steven Blevins¹, Graham Greene

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. Sblevins@UAMS.edu

The Journal of ECT

|March 3, 2009

Summary

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can rarely cause hematuria, or blood in urine, particularly in patients with hypertension and on anticoagulants. This case highlights a transient renal bleed, a previously unreported complication of ECT.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Published on: April 11, 2019

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: July 9, 2017

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Psychiatry
Cardiology

Background:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment for severe mental health conditions.
Patients with pre-existing hypertension and those on anticoagulant therapy may have increased risks during medical procedures.

Observation:

A patient undergoing ECT developed gross hematuria.
The bleeding originated from the right kidney.
The patient had a history of hypertension and was receiving anticoagulant therapy.

Findings:

The hematuria was transient and not life-threatening.
Acute renal insufficiency was noted but resolved without permanent damage.
A potential cause is a vascular anomaly exacerbated by hypertension and anticoagulation.

Implications:

Gross hematuria is a newly reported, rare complication of electroconvulsive therapy.
Careful patient selection and monitoring are crucial for individuals with cardiovascular risk factors undergoing ECT.
Further research may be needed to understand the specific mechanisms linking ECT to renal bleeding in susceptible patients.