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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Scalp periarterial saline efficacy in migraine and relation to exploding and imploding headache.

Carlo Cianchetti1, Yousef Hmaidan, Gabriele Finco

  • 1University Department of Neurosciences, Clinical Section of Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. cianchet@unica.it

Journal of Neurology
|March 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Simple saline infiltration around scalp arteries effectively relieved migraine pain in over 80% of patients. This drug-free method suggests extracranial structures play a significant role in migraine headaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Migraine attacks may be influenced by extracranial structures, as suggested by previous findings on scalp artery compression and saline injection.
  • Further characterization of saline infiltration's effects and its relationship to headache characteristics is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of periarterial saline infiltration in relieving migraine pain.
  • To explore the correlation between pain characteristics (implosive vs. explosive) and the response to saline infiltration.

Main Methods:

  • 40 migraine patients were assessed for scalp artery tenderness (superficial temporal and occipital arteries).
  • Periarterial saline infiltration (3-5 ml) was administered adjacent to tender arteries.
  • Pain characteristics and response to infiltration were recorded.

Main Results:

  • 82.5% of patients experienced relevant improvement, with 52.5% achieving complete pain cessation.
  • 30.0% reported >50% pain relief.
  • Infiltration around superficial temporal arteries showed the greatest effect in 35.0% of patients.
  • No correlation was found between pain type (implosive/explosive) and treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Drug-free saline infiltration around scalp arteries provides significant migraine pain relief for a large patient group.
  • Results indicate that pericranial structures, likely periarterial nociceptive afferents, are involved in migraine pain for a substantial number of patients.