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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

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Published on: December 18, 2016

Classical crossed brain stem syndromes: myth or reality?

Jürgen J Marx1, Frank Thömke

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany. marx@neurologie.klinik.uni-mainz.de

Journal of Neurology
|March 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Classical crossed brain stem syndromes are rarely seen in clinical practice, with Wallenberg's syndrome being the most common. Many patients present with unique, unnamed crossed symptom combinations, highlighting the complexity of brain stem neurology.

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Published on: February 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Crossed brain stem syndromes, historically documented, lack clear clinical relevance.
  • Investigating the prevalence of these syndromes in acute brain stem infarction is crucial.

Observation:

  • 308 patients with acute brain stem infarction were prospectively studied.
  • High-resolution MRI and electrophysiological tests localized lesions.
  • Clinical signs were correlated with historical syndrome descriptions.

Findings:

  • Wallenberg's syndrome was identified in 14 patients.
  • Babinski-Nageotte's and Raymond-Cestan's syndromes were each seen in two patients.
  • Weber's and Claude's syndromes were each observed in one patient.
  • Over 20% of patients exhibited novel, unnamed crossed symptom combinations.

Implications:

  • Except for Wallenberg's syndrome, classical crossed brain stem syndromes have limited clinical utility.
  • Many syndromes may serve only as theoretical models due to inconsistencies.
  • The findings underscore the need for updated neuroanatomical correlations and terminology.