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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
10:18

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Published on: January 7, 2019

Hydrogen transfer from supercritical methanol over a solid base catalyst: a model for lignin depolymerization.

Gerald S Macala1, Theodore D Matson, Charles L Johnson

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93196-9510, USA.

Chemsuschem
|March 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Porous metal oxide catalysts efficiently convert dihydrobenzofuran into cyclohexanols via hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation in supercritical methanol, demonstrating a novel pathway for lignin valorization.

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Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues
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Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Published on: March 9, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biomass Conversion

Background:

  • Lignin valorization is crucial for sustainable chemical production.
  • Supercritical fluids offer unique reaction environments.
  • Developing efficient catalysts for lignin model compound conversion is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the consecutive hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of dihydrobenzofuran.
  • To evaluate the performance of porous metal oxide catalysts in supercritical methanol.
  • To understand the reaction mechanism and product distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the reaction in supercritical methanolic solutions.
  • Utilized porous metal oxide catalysts.
  • Analyzed products using appropriate analytical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Catalysts facilitated H(2) production from methanol.
  • Achieved efficient hydrogenolysis of ether linkages.
  • Promoted hydrogenation of aromatic rings.
  • Principally yielded a mixture of cyclohexanols.

Conclusions:

  • Porous metal oxide catalysts are effective for dihydrobenzofuran conversion.
  • Supercritical methanol is a suitable medium for this transformation.
  • This study presents a viable route for lignin-derived chemical production.