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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

'Surgical cure' for non-parathyroid hypercalcemia.

Sandeep P Joglekar1, Robert L Hudson, Rajesh Logasundaram

  • 1James Paget University Hospital NHS Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK. sandeep.joglekar@jpaget.nhs.uk

World Journal of Surgical Oncology
|March 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Sarcoidosis, a granulomatous disease, can rarely present as isolated splenic involvement causing hypercalcemia. Splenectomy resolved hypercalcemia in this rare case, highlighting sarcoidosis as a potential cause of unexplained high calcium levels.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Pathology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause.
  • Pulmonary involvement is most common (>90%), with other organs like lymph nodes, skin, and joints frequently affected.
  • Isolated splenic sarcoidosis is an exceptionally rare presentation.

Observation:

  • A rare case of isolated granulomatous disease of the spleen presenting with hypercalcemia is documented.
  • Extensive workup excluded other common causes of hypercalcemia.
  • The patient underwent splenectomy, which was both diagnostic and therapeutic.

Findings:

  • Histopathological examination of the spleen confirmed granulomatous disease consistent with sarcoidosis.
  • Post-splenectomy, the patient's serum calcium levels normalized.
  • This case represents the ninth reported instance of isolated splenic sarcoidosis in the literature.

Implications:

  • Sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained hypercalcemia.
  • Radiological recognition of splenic sarcoidosis can aid in earlier diagnosis.
  • This case underscores the diverse clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and the importance of considering rare presentations.