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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Retinotopically defined primary visual cortex in Williams syndrome.

Rosanna K Olsen1, J Shane Kippenhan, Shruti Japee

  • 1Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
|March 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Williams syndrome, a genetic disorder, does not affect primary visual cortex (V1) size or location. However, V1 anatomical boundaries show greater variability in individuals with Williams syndrome, suggesting later visual processing deficits.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
09:42

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Williams syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23.
  • Individuals with Williams syndrome exhibit significant visuospatial construction impairments.
  • Early visual processing contributions to these visuospatial deficits remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To functionally map the size and neuroanatomical variability of the primary visual cortex (V1).
  • To investigate if early visual processing is affected in high-functioning adults with Williams syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI-based retinotopic mapping was used to define V1 in Williams syndrome and control groups.
  • High-resolution structural MRI generated cortical surface models.
  • V1 size and location were calculated, and anatomical variability was assessed using overlap maps.

Main Results:

  • Primary visual cortex (V1) size and location did not significantly differ between individuals with Williams syndrome and controls.
  • The anatomical boundaries of V1 exhibited greater variability in the Williams syndrome group.
  • V1 centers of gravity were similarly located in both groups, near the calcarine fissure.

Conclusions:

  • Primary visual cortex (V1) recruitment appears grossly normal in Williams syndrome.
  • The findings suggest that neural abnormalities underlying visuospatial construction deficits in Williams syndrome may arise at later stages of visual processing.