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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

More stories on Th17 cells.

Alexandre S Basso1, Hilde Cheroutre, Daniel Mucida

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Cell Research
|March 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The discovery of Th17 cells, a distinct CD4(+) T helper subset, expands our understanding of adaptive immunity beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm. These cells, linked to autoimmune disorders, develop differently from Th1 and Th2 cells.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

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Published on: October 25, 2024

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Published on: September 26, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • T-cell Differentiation

Background:

  • The Th1/Th2 paradigm historically explained adaptive immunity via two CD4(+) T helper subsets: Th1 (cell-mediated immunity) and Th2 (IgE production, allergy).
  • Adaptive immunity involves complex interactions and regulation of T helper cell subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and recent advancements in the development and regulation of Th17 cells.
  • To highlight the distinct lineage and function of Th17 cells compared to Th1 and Th2 cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological studies on T helper cell subsets.
  • Analysis of cytokine production and cell differentiation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cells represent a distinct CD4(+) T helper lineage, separate from Th1 and Th2 cells.
  • Th17 cells produce IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-21, and are implicated in autoimmune disorders.
  • Th17 and T regulatory cells (Treg) exhibit mutually exclusive development, influenced by TGF-beta and inflammatory cytokines like IL-6.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cells are a crucial addition to the understanding of adaptive immunity, expanding beyond the traditional Th1/Th2 model.
  • The distinct developmental pathways and regulatory mechanisms of Th17 cells offer insights into immune responses and autoimmune diseases.