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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
04:35

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Published on: July 28, 2023

Experiment on a confined electrically driven vortex pair.

R Klein1, A Pothérat, A Alferenok

  • 1Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study explores turbulence in confined magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows. We observed bifurcations and a transition to a turbulent Hartmann boundary layer, showing the first experimental evidence of 3D transitions in liquid metal MHD.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Confined quasi-two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow is crucial in various applications.
  • Understanding the transition to turbulence in such systems is a fundamental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the transition to turbulence in a confined quasi-two-dimensional MHD flow.
  • To identify and characterize the bifurcations leading to turbulence.
  • To provide the first experimental evidence of a transition to three-dimensionality in liquid metal MHD.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study using a thin horizontal liquid metal layer.
  • Electrically driven counterrotating vortices in a cylindrical container with a vertical magnetic field.
  • Numerical calculations using a shallow water model.
  • Velocity measurements on both horizontal sides of the layer.

Main Results:

  • Increased forcing displaced vortices and induced boundary layer separations.
  • A sequence of supercritical bifurcations was observed, resembling flow past a cylinder.
  • A transition to a turbulent regime with drastically increased dissipation and a turbulent Hartmann boundary layer was found.
  • Columnar vortices were observed to wobble, indicating a transition to three-dimensionality.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the complex transition to turbulence in confined MHD flows.
  • The observed bifurcations and 3D transitions offer insights into fundamental fluid dynamics.
  • This work presents the first experimental evidence of three-dimensionality in liquid metal MHD.