Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Digital quantum magnetism on a trapped-ion quantum computer.

Nature·2026
Same author

When Incidental Becomes Instrumental: A Thyroid Metastasis Unmasked.

Practical radiation oncology·2025
Same author

Designing an energy analyzer for measuring non-thermal electron energy distribution functions in the PHAse space MApping (PHASMA) experiment.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

Repertoire and clinical hierarchy of AR locus alterations in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology·2025
Same author

A Bayesian approach to time-domain photonic Doppler velocimetry analysis.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

SARMs, Metabolic Modulators and Growth Hormone Secretagogues in Suspected Illegal Medicines, Bought as Sport Performance Enhancers: A Retro- and Prospective Study Within the GEON.

Drug testing and analysis·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Increased upstream ionization due to formation of a double layer.

S Chakraborty Thakur1, Z Harvey, I A Biloiu

  • 1Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6315, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Observations confirm that a current-free double layer in expanding plasma increases upstream ionization. This ionization balances diffusive losses, as seen in helicon source experiments where plasma density rises with double layer formation.

More Related Videos

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
11:45

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Published on: August 17, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
11:45

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Published on: August 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Plasma expansion into larger volumes can lead to complex phenomena.
  • Current-free double layers are important structures in space and laboratory plasmas.
  • Understanding ionization dynamics is crucial for plasma confinement and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally verify the theoretical prediction of increased upstream ionization during double layer formation.
  • To investigate the relationship between plasma density, ionization, and double layer dynamics in an expanding plasma.
  • To provide observational evidence supporting theoretical models of plasma expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an expanding helicon source to generate and study plasma.
  • Observing plasma behavior as it expands into a chamber of larger diameter.
  • Measuring upstream plasma density and correlating it with the appearance of a double layer.
  • Analyzing antenna frequency effects on plasma parameters.

Main Results:

  • Experimental observations confirm the theoretical prediction.
  • An increase in ionization upstream of the double layer was detected.
  • Upstream plasma density showed a sharp increase coinciding with double layer formation.
  • The observed phenomena were linked to the antenna frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of a current-free double layer is accompanied by enhanced upstream ionization.
  • Increased ionization serves to balance diffusive particle losses across the double layer.
  • The findings support theoretical models and provide insights into plasma behavior in expanding systems.