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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Melting of the Na layers in solid Na0.8CoO2.

M Weller1, A Sacchetti, H R Ott

  • 1Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. weller@phys.ethz.ch

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Sodium ion mobility in Na0.8CoO2 increases significantly above 200 K. At 291 K, sodium layers transition to a 2D liquid state, similar to superionic conductors.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Sodium cobalt oxides (Na x CoO 2 ) are studied for energy storage applications.
  • Understanding ion dynamics is crucial for optimizing material performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temperature-dependent behavior of sodium ions in Na 0.8 CoO 2.
  • To determine the phase transition of sodium layers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Performing relaxation measurements to probe ion mobility.

Main Results:

  • A rapid increase in sodium ion mobility and diffusion observed above 200 K.
  • Evidence for a first-order phase transition at 291 K.

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Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area
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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

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  • Sodium layers in Na 0.8 CoO 2 adopt a 2D liquid state above 291 K.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study reveals a transition to a 2D liquid state for sodium ions in Na 0.8 CoO 2 at elevated temperatures.
    • This behavior is comparable to that seen in superionic conductors.
    • Findings provide insights into ion transport mechanisms in layered materials.