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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

Atomic scale structure and chemical composition across order-disorder interfaces.

R Srinivasan¹, R Banerjee, J Y Hwang

¹Center for the Accelerated Maturation of Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|March 5, 2009

Summary

This study used advanced microscopy to reveal two distinct interfacial widths in metallic alloys, challenging the traditional definition of interface width in complex materials.

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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
Nanotechnology

Background:

Understanding interfaces is crucial for designing advanced metallic alloys.
Order-disorder transitions significantly impact material properties.
Characterizing atomic-scale structure and composition at interfaces remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the atomic-scale structure and chemical composition at the order-disorder interface in a metallic alloy.
To investigate the nature and extent of the interface.
To re-evaluate the definition of interfacial width in complex systems.

Main Methods:

Aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM).
Three-dimensional atom probe tomography (3D APT).
Correlative microscopy techniques.

Main Results:

Resolved the true atomic-scale structure across the order-disorder interface.
Identified two distinct interfacial widths: one for the order-disorder transition and one for the compositional transition.
Revealed complex chemical segregation and ordering phenomena at the interface.

Conclusions:

The study provides unprecedented atomic-scale insight into complex interfaces in metallic alloys.
The findings necessitate a revised understanding of interfacial width in systems with coupled order-disorder and compositional changes.
This work has implications for the design and processing of advanced functional materials.