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Magnetic Moment of an Electron

Magnetic Moment of an Electron

Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Moving charges experience a force in a magnetic field. Since the magnetic fields produced by moving charges are proportional to the current, a conductor carrying a current creates a magnetic field around it.
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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Published on: August 2, 2019

Quantized conductance of a single magnetic atom.

N Néel¹, J Kröger, R Berndt

¹Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|March 5, 2009

Summary

Conductance of a single cobalt atom was measured using a scanning tunneling microscope. Nonmagnetic electrodes yielded higher conductance than ferromagnetic electrodes, revealing spin-dependent transport properties.

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Area of Science:

Quantum transport phenomena
Atomic-scale electronics
Surface science

Background:

Understanding electron transport at the atomic scale is crucial for developing next-generation electronic devices.
The influence of magnetic properties of electrodes on quantum conductance is an active area of research.
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) provides atomic resolution for probing surface properties and electronic transport.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the electrical conductance of a single cobalt (Co) atom contacted by different types of electrodes.
To explore the effect of electrode magnetism on the quantum conductance of a single atom.
To determine the spin-dependent transport characteristics of a Co atom.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to precisely position and contact a single Co atom.
Adsorbing a single Co atom onto a nonmagnetic copper (Cu(111)) surface or ferromagnetic Co islands.
Contacting the Co atom with either nonmagnetic tungsten (W) tips or ferromagnetic nickel (Ni) tips.

Main Results:

A conductance of approximately 2e²/h was measured when the Co atom bridged two nonmagnetic W electrodes.
A reduced conductance of approximately e²/h was observed when the Co atom was contacted by two ferromagnetic Ni electrodes.
These results indicate a significant influence of electrode spin polarization on the measured conductance.

Conclusions:

The conductance of a single Co atom is strongly dependent on the magnetic properties of the contacting electrodes.
Spin-polarized transport through a single Co atom can be controlled by the choice of ferromagnetic or nonmagnetic electrodes.
This study provides fundamental insights into spin-dependent quantum transport at the single-atom level.