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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Nuclear double resonance between statistical spin polarizations.

M Poggio1, H J Mamin, C L Degen

  • 1IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We show nuclear double resonance in tiny spin volumes, coupling spin fluctuations. This magnetic resonance force microscopy technique enhances chemical contrast at the nanoscale.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
14:55

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) typically relies on Boltzmann polarization, which is weak at low magnetic fields or for low-gyromagnetic-ratio nuclei.
  • Nanometer-scale spin ensembles present unique challenges for traditional NMR due to dominant random fluctuations over thermal polarization.
  • Developing techniques for sensitive magnetic resonance at the nanoscale is crucial for materials characterization and quantum information science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate nuclear double resonance (DR) in nanometer-scale spin volumes.
  • To investigate the coupling of spin fluctuations under Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization conditions.
  • To establish a new method for generating chemical contrast in nanoscale magnetic resonance.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of nuclear double resonance (DR) using magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM).
  • Application of Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization to couple fluctuations between different nuclear spin species (1H and 13C).
  • Utilizing 13C-enriched stearic acid as a model system for nanoscale spin analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of nuclear double resonance (DR) in nanometer-scale spin volumes.
  • Observation of coupled flip-flop fluctuations between 1H and 13C spins when the Hartmann-Hahn condition is met.
  • Measurement of these coupled fluctuations using magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM).

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear double resonance (DR) is feasible and effective in nanometer-scale spin ensembles dominated by fluctuations.
  • Cross-polarization couples spin fluctuations, providing a mechanism for enhanced sensitivity and contrast.
  • This technique offers a valuable new tool for generating chemical contrast in nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.