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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Affinity and Avidity01:41

Affinity and Avidity

Overview
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics (DCAF)
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Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics (DCAF)

Published on: September 17, 2019

Cloak/anti-cloak interactions.

Giuseppe Castaldi1, Ilaria Gallina, Vincenzo Galdi

  • 1Waves Group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, I-82100, Benevento, Italy.

Optics Express
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coordinate-transformation cloaking can be undone by specific internal media, creating an "anti-cloak." This study explores cloak/anti-cloak interactions and deviations from ideal cloaking for new applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Metamaterials and Nanophotonics
  • Electromagnetism and Wave Propagation

Background:

  • Coordinate-transformation cloaking uses metamaterials to guide waves around a region.
  • Ideally, cloaks prevent wave penetration, but recent work shows internal media can enable penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interaction between cloaking and anti-cloaking effects.
  • To analyze scenarios with double-negative transformation media within cloaked regions.
  • To investigate the impact of non-ideal conditions on cloak/anti-cloak performance.

Main Methods:

  • Full-wave analytical study of electromagnetic wave propagation.
  • Theoretical modeling of coordinate-transformation cloaks with internal anti-cloak media.
  • Analysis of anisotropic, spatially inhomogeneous transformation media.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that specific internal media can act as an 'anti-cloak,' partially or totally undoing the cloaking effect.
  • Provided analytical results for cloak/anti-cloak interactions under general conditions.
  • Quantified the effects of departures from ideal cloaking parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Cloaking is not absolute and can be manipulated by internal media.
  • The concept of anti-cloaking opens new possibilities for controlling wave propagation.
  • The study suggests novel applications based on tunable cloak/anti-cloak systems.