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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

Abatacept does not induce direct gene expression changes in antigen-presenting cells.

Julie A Carman1, Patricia M Davis, Wen-Pin Yang

  • 1Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. julie.carman@bms.com

Journal of Clinical Immunology
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Abatacept and belatacept do not activate antigen-presenting cells via reverse signaling. These therapeutics likely work by modulating CD28 signaling on T cells, not by altering antigen-presenting cell function.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
13:18

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ligation of CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) may induce reverse signaling.
  • Abatacept is a fusion protein targeting CD80/CD86, used to modulate immune responses.
  • Understanding abatacept's mechanism of action is crucial for autoimmune disease treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether abatacept induces reverse signaling in APCs.
  • To assess global transcriptional changes in APCs treated with abatacept.
  • To compare the effects of abatacept and belatacept on APCs.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression profiling using Affymetrix chips.
  • Treatment of human dendritic cells and a B cell line with abatacept.
  • Analysis of mRNA levels following 6-hour treatment.

Main Results:

  • Abatacept induced minimal transcriptional changes in APCs.
  • A control treatment (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) induced robust gene expression changes.
  • Belatacept, a higher-affinity analog, also induced no significant gene changes.

Conclusions:

  • Reverse signaling in APCs is unlikely mediated by abatacept or belatacept.
  • The primary mechanism of action for these drugs involves modulating CD28 signaling on T cells.
  • These findings refine the understanding of immunomodulatory drug mechanisms.