The earliest horse harnessing and milking

Area of Science:

• Archaeology
• Ancient history
• Paleogenetics

Background:

• The domestication of horses significantly impacted prehistoric societies, revolutionizing transport, communication, and warfare.
• Identifying the precise origins and processes of early horse domestication has remained a challenge for researchers.

Observation:

• Analysis of horse metacarpals from the Eneolithic Botai Culture (c. 3500 B.C.E.) in Kazakhstan.
• Examination of pathological features on Botai horse bones suggesting the use of bridles and potential riding.
• Organic residue analysis of ceramics from the Botai Culture.

Findings:

• Metrical analysis indicates Botai horses share characteristics with later domestic horses, distinct from Paleolithic wild horses of the region.
• Pathological evidence suggests some Botai horses were bridled, implying riding practices.
• Fatty acid isotope analysis (delta13C and deltaD) reveals the processing of mare's milk and horse carcass products, indicating a sophisticated domestic economy centered on secondary products.

Implications:

• Provides strong evidence for early horse domestication in the Botai Culture, pushing back established timelines.
• Demonstrates the utilization of horses for riding and secondary products (milk, meat) in prehistoric societies.
• Highlights the Botai Culture's advanced understanding of animal husbandry and resource management.