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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

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Published on: April 23, 2019

[Drug mix-ups].

Rie Harboe Nielsen1, Annemarie Hellebek

  • 1Administrationen, Hvidovre Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|March 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug mix-ups, including insulin and infusion fluids, accounted for 7% of medication errors at a Danish hospital. Improved packaging and bar-coding can prevent these critical medication safety issues.

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Published on: July 24, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Patient Safety
  • Healthcare Quality Improvement

Context:

  • Analysis of medication errors in a Danish hospital setting.
  • Focus on drug mix-ups as a specific category of error.
  • Inclusion of 1,554 medication errors for comprehensive review.

Purpose:

  • To quantify the incidence and types of drug mix-ups.
  • To identify the primary causes of drug mix-ups, particularly name confusions.
  • To propose preventative strategies for medication errors related to drug mix-ups.

Summary:

  • Drug mix-ups constituted 7% (115 of 1,554) of medication errors.
  • Common mix-ups involved insulin, infusion fluids, and pre-filled syringes.
  • Illegible handwriting was the leading cause of name confusion.

Impact:

  • Highlights the significance of drug mix-ups in medication errors.
  • Suggests bar-coding for routine dispensing to prevent packing mix-ups.
  • Recommends enhanced package design to mitigate mix-ups in acute care settings.