Cholera toxin, ganglioside receptors and the immune response

Cholera toxin activates plasma membrane adenylate cyclase in all mammalian cell types. The structure-function relationship of the toxin has recently been clarified, and the cell membrane receptor identified. This information has made cholera toxin the "agent of choice" for studies in many biological systems of the possible regulatory role of adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP. This article describes briefly our current knowledge about the toxin and its receptor. It then reviews recent research which has revealed that cholera toxin has strong modulating influences on the proliferation of normal and malignant lympocytes as well as on the initiation and expression of immune responses. The toxin has been found to inhibit DNA synthesis of B and T lymphocytes in vitro without inducing cell death and also to inhibit seems to decrease antibody secretion from plasma cells in vitro, and might also interfere with the release of other soluble immunological mediator subtances. In vivo cholera toxin induces a transient involution of the spleen and a more prolonged lymphocyte depletion of the thymus in mice; these effects appear to be mediated through the adrenal glands. The toxin inhibitors allograft rejection, and either stimulates or suppresses antibody formation depending on the timing of the toxin in relation to the antigen administration. It increases the capacity of the spleen cells to induce graft-vs-host reactions and the "allogeneic effect" on antibody production. An inhibitory effect on a normal suppressor population among the spleen cells has been identified. The findings illustrate the complex effects induced on the immune system by the probably most discriminative investigative tool available for stimulation of the adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP system.