Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Easily Accessible and Up-Scalable Aliphatic Bis-Formamides with Afterglow Luminescence: Photoluminescence Properties and Applications.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

δ-catenin controls layer-specific transcriptional maturation of astrocytes via Zbtb20.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

ITPP in early pancreatic zebrafish xenografts mildly impacts tumor cell death without interfering with vascular normalization.

BMC cancer·2026
Same author

Narrow-linewidth photonic wirebonded silicon nitride external cavity tunable laser.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Transfer of structural units through imine exchanges, in solution or without solvent: successive transiminations, stimuli (pH)-modulated covalent switches, and mathematical models.

Frontiers in chemistry·2026
Same author

Molecular Recognition-Driven Reaction-Based Sensing of Catecholamines in a Lipid Nanoreactor.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR
14:44

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Published on: December 16, 2013

Copper(II) dinuclear pyrazine-based rack-type complexes: preparation, structure, and magnetic properties.

Juan Ramírez1, Adrian-Mihail Stadler, Guillaume Rogez

  • 1Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67083, France.

Inorganic Chemistry
|March 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel ditopic ligands and formed unique copper(II) dinuclear complexes. These complexes exhibit significant shape changes and antiferromagnetic intramolecular interactions, offering insights into coordination chemistry.

More Related Videos

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
06:31

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR
14:44

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Published on: December 16, 2013

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
06:31

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ditopic ligands are crucial for constructing complex metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers.
  • Pyrazine-based ligands offer versatile coordination modes and tunable electronic properties.
  • Heteroleptic metal complexes allow for the precise control of metal ion environments and functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel class of ditopic ligands derived from pyrazine-dicarboxaldehyde.
  • To construct and characterize heteroleptic dinuclear copper(II) complexes using these ligands.
  • To investigate the structural, conformational, and magnetic properties of the resulting complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Ligand synthesis via condensation reaction of 2,5-pyrazine-dicarboxaldehyde with acyl-/aroyl-hydrazine.
  • Structural characterization using 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
  • Analysis of dinuclear copper(II) complexes, including solid-state structure determination and magnetic susceptibility measurements.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a novel class of ditopic ligands (1).
  • Formation of heteroleptic Cu(II) dinuclear rack-like complexes with significant conformational flexibility.
  • X-ray crystallography confirmed the solid-state structures of the complexes.
  • Magnetic measurements indicated the presence of antiferromagnetic intramolecular interactions within the dinuclear copper(II) complexes.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized ditopic ligands are effective building blocks for creating complex coordination architectures.
  • The resulting copper(II) complexes display unique structural dynamics and magnetic behavior.
  • This study provides a foundation for designing novel functional materials based on pyrazine-derived ligands and dinuclear metal centers.