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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
10:55

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Published on: March 16, 2014

ParaHox cluster evolution--hagfish and beyond.

Rebecca F Furlong1, John F Mulley

  • 1Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13PS, UK. rebecca.furlong@zoo.ox.ac.uk

Zoological Science
|March 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ParaHox genes are key to animal development. This study reviews their cluster organization in deuterostomes, including new hagfish data, to understand their evolutionary history.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Genomics
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • ParaHox genes are a group of homeobox genes crucial for animal development.
  • These genes are found across diverse animal species and are known for their clustered organization.
  • Initial discoveries in amphioxus highlighted their tight clustering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comparative review of ParaHox gene cluster organization within deuterostomes.
  • To integrate recent hagfish ParaHox cluster data into evolutionary theories.
  • To elucidate the evolutionary pathways of ParaHox gene cluster organization.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ParaHox gene cluster structures.
  • Literature review of published genomic data.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of ParaHox genes in deuterostomes.

Main Results:

  • ParaHox clusters exhibit variable organization across deuterostomes.
  • Hagfish ParaHox clusters present a unique organizational pattern.
  • The study identifies conserved and divergent features in ParaHox cluster evolution.

Conclusions:

  • ParaHox gene cluster organization is dynamic and has undergone significant evolution.
  • Understanding hagfish ParaHox clusters provides critical insights into early vertebrate evolution.
  • The findings contribute to a broader understanding of animal genome evolution and development.