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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
Published on: March 15, 2020
[Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon]
V Fonollosa-Pla1, C Pilar Simeón-Aznar, M Vilardell-Tarrés
1Servicio de Medicina Interna (Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas), Hospital General Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. vfonollosa@vhebron.net
Abstract:
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a clinical picture characterized by the presence of recurrent episodes of vasospasm that is precipitated by cold or other stimuli and especially affects the fingers and/or toes. It may be primary or idiopathic or secondary and be due to many causes, among which connective diseases, and specifically scleroderma, stand out. Primary RP does not generally require drug treatment, only requiring general measures. Calcium channel antagonists continue to be the drug of first choice. However, when RP is severe and is accompanied by digital ulcers/tissue necrosis, the therapeutic regime must be individualized and combinations should be established with difference drugs such as prostanoids, bosentan, sildenafil, antiaggregants/anticoagulants, antibiotics and analgesics.
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