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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

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Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery
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Surviving the crash: transitioning from effector to memory CD8+ T cell.

Louise M D'Cruz1, Mark P Rubinstein, Ananda W Goldrath

  • 1University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States.

Seminars in Immunology
|March 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived immunological memory protects against reinfection. Key proteins, transcription factors, and environmental cues enable a subset of effector CD8(+) T cells to persist, forming a durable memory population.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Infection and vaccination induce immunological memory for durable protection.
  • Effector T cells clear pathogens but mostly die post-infection, with a few forming memory cells.
  • CD8(+) T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity and memory formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key proteins and transcription factors enabling effector CD8(+) T cell persistence.
  • To examine the role of environmental cues in CD8(+) memory T cell formation.
  • To understand how extrinsic factors influence intracellular pathways for memory development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in molecular and cellular immunology.
  • Analysis of transcription factors and protein expression in effector and memory T cells.
  • Investigation of cytokine and co-stimulatory molecule signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific proteins and transcription factors critical for effector CD8(+) T cell survival.
  • Elucidation of environmental cues (cytokines, co-stimulation) shaping memory T cell populations.
  • Understanding the interplay between extrinsic signals and intrinsic molecular pathways in memory formation.

Conclusions:

  • Specific molecular players and environmental factors are essential for establishing long-lived CD8(+) T cell memory.
  • This memory provides sustained protection against pathogen re-exposure.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can inform vaccine development and immunotherapy.