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Related Concept Videos

Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
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Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Published on: November 3, 2009

How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge.

Huw Smith1, Celia Holland, Mervyn Taylor

  • 1Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, UK. huw.smith@ggc.scot.nhs.uk

Trends in Parasitology
|March 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human toxocariasis is poorly understood globally due to limited clinical awareness and data. Standardized approaches and international collaboration are crucial for better diagnosis, treatment, and managing this treatable parasitic infection.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
11:17

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Published on: November 3, 2009

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii
06:33

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: December 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Parasitology

Background:

  • Global understanding of human toxocariasis impact and cost is limited.
  • Insufficient clinical awareness and lack of a central repository hinder intervention efficacy assessment.
  • Existing knowledge on clinical, laboratory, and treatment interventions is fragmented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for standardized approaches in diagnosing and managing human toxocariasis.
  • To advocate for international collaboration in developing educational resources and diagnostic criteria.
  • To emphasize the importance of improving treatment interventions through better antigen specificity and data collection.

Main Methods:

  • Proposes uniform clinical and laboratory investigative approaches for enhanced diagnosis.
  • Recommends international collaboration for web-based educational support and surveillance.
  • Suggests developing standardized serodiagnostic criteria and utilizing less cross-reactive antigens.
  • Advocates for increased liaison to gather realistic prevalence data and cost-benefit analyses.

Main Results:

  • Standardized methods will maximize disease diagnosis.
  • International collaboration can establish essential resources like educational platforms and surveillance tools.
  • Improved diagnostic antigens and data collection will enhance clinical and treatment interventions.
  • Addressing the disease requires a coordinated effort to understand its true burden.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced clinical awareness, standardized diagnostics, and international collaboration are vital for managing human toxocariasis.
  • Developing web-based knowledge repositories and improving treatment strategies are key to alleviating the disease's clinical and financial burdens.
  • Human toxocariasis is a treatable disease, and improved understanding and intervention strategies are achievable through collective action.