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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

High bone turnover in Irish professional jockeys.

F Waldron-Lynch1, B F Murray, J J Brady

  • 1Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. frank.waldron-lynch@yale.edu

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|March 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Professional jockeys face high fracture risks due to low body mass index (BMI) and restricted diets. Their bone turnover is high, indicating potential bone health issues in the racing industry.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Professional jockeys experience frequent fractures from high-impact falls.
  • Jockeys maintain low body fat and body mass index (BMI) to meet racing weight requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the dietary habits and bone metabolism of professional jockeys.
  • To assess the bone health implications of weight and dietary restrictions in jockeys.

Main Methods:

  • Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) were measured in 27 male jockeys.
  • Dietary intake, endocrine function, and medical history were assessed in a subset of jockeys.
  • BTM were compared to age- and sex-matched controls.

Main Results:

  • Jockeys exhibited a mean BMI of 20.6 kg/m(2) and an average of 3.2 fractures per rider.
  • Dietary analysis revealed deficiencies in energy, calcium, and vitamin D intake.
  • Jockeys showed increased bone turnover compared to controls, despite normal endocrine axes.

Conclusions:

  • A significant number of jockeys have low-normal BMD, low BMI, and high bone turnover, likely due to weight and dietary restrictions.
  • These factors negatively impact bone health and increase fracture risk.
  • Interventions are needed to address these health and safety concerns in the racing industry.