Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Factorial Design

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...

Two-Way ANOVA

Two-Way ANOVA

The two-way ANOVA is an extension of the one-way ANOVA. It is a statistical test performed on three or more samples categorized by two factors - a row factor and a column factor. Ronald Fischer mentioned it in 1925 in his book 'Statistical Methods for Researchers.'
The two-way ANOVA analysis initially begins by stating the null hypothesis that there is an interaction effect between the two factors of a dataset. This effect can be visualized using line segments formed by joining the means for...

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

One-Way ANOVA

One-Way ANOVA

One-way ANOVA analyzes more than three samples categorized by one factor. For example, it can compare the average mileage of sports bikes. Here, the data is categorized by one factor - the company. However, one-way ANOVA cannot be used to simultaneously compare the sample mean of three or more samples categorized by two factors. An example of two factors would be sports bikes from different companies driven in different terrains, such as a desert or snowy landscape. Here, two-way ANOVA is used...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

An Evidence-Based Guide for Delivering Mental Healthcare Services in Farming Communities: A Qualitative Study of Providers' Perspectives.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2024

Same author

Understanding the factors contributing to farmer suicide: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research.

Rural and remote health·2023

Same author

I deserve more A's: A report on the development of a measure of academic entitlement.

PloS one·2020

Same author

A dismantling study of the Partners for Change Outcome Management System.

Journal of counseling psychology·2016

Same author

How are the kids holding up? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the psychosocial impact of maternal breast cancer on children.

Cancer treatment reviews·2016

Same author

Pre-drinking motives in Canadian undergraduate students: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Prepartying Motivations Inventory and examination of new themes.

Addictive behaviors·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations.

Dennis L Jackson¹, J Arthur Gillaspy, Rebecca Purc-Stephenson

¹Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. djackson@uwindsor.ca

Psychological Methods

|March 11, 2009

Summary

This review of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reporting found some good practices but highlighted deficiencies in reporting missing data and normality. Recommendations and a checklist aim to improve future research transparency.

More Related Videos

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Psychological research methodology
Statistical analysis in psychology
Academic publishing standards

Background:

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is a widely used statistical technique in psychology.
Established reporting guidelines exist to ensure transparency and reproducibility.
Divergent perspectives on model fit indices necessitate clear reporting standards.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate current reporting practices in CFA studies against established guidelines.
To investigate how researchers report model fit, considering varying opinions on fit indices.
To determine if favorable model fit measures are selectively reported.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of 194 CFA studies published in APA journals (1998-2006).
Analysis of 1,409 factor models to assess reporting of key elements.
Comparison of reported practices with existing reporting guidelines.

Main Results:

Positive findings include a priori model proposals and universal chi-square significance test reporting.
Deficiencies noted in reporting missing data and normality assessments.
No significant evidence of selective reporting of favorable fit measures, but increases in some incremental fit statistics were observed.

Conclusions:

While some reporting practices are adequate, significant improvements are needed in transparency regarding data characteristics.
Recommendations and a checklist are provided to enhance CFA reporting quality.
Promoting adherence to guidelines can improve the reliability and interpretability of CFA findings.