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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

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The modality-match effect in recognition memory.

Neil W Mulligan¹, Katherine Osborn

¹Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. nmulligan@unc.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|March 11, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The modality-match effect in recognition memory is more consistent when sensory modality is salient during learning or testing. This effect appears to originate during retrieval, not initial encoding.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Human Memory
Sensory Perception

Background:

The modality-match effect, superior memory for items studied and tested in the same sensory modality, has inconsistent findings in prior research.
Existing literature lacks clarity on the conditions influencing the modality-match effect's reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the conditions under which the modality-match effect is consistently observed.
To determine whether the modality-match effect originates during memory encoding or retrieval.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1: Participants studied words presented visually or auditorily in either mixed or blocked lists, followed by a recognition test.
Experiment 2: A modality-judgment test (seen, heard, or new) was employed to assess recognition memory.

Main Results:

The modality-match effect was present in the mixed-list condition but absent in the blocked-list condition in Experiment 1.
Experiment 2 revealed the modality-match effect regardless of list structure, indicating its presence when modality is salient.

Conclusions:

The modality-match effect is a reliable phenomenon when sensory modality is made salient at encoding or retrieval.
Evidence suggests the modality-match effect is primarily a retrieval phenomenon, not an encoding one.