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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview

Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though pharmacologically...
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Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture
08:32

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture

Published on: October 20, 2023

Future developments in cosmetic formulations.

T F Tadros1

  • 1I.C.I. Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG126EY, UK.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|March 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cosmetic formulations benefit from microemulsions, liposomes, and multiple emulsions for enhanced delivery and stability. While microemulsions offer stability, liposomes and multiple emulsions provide alternatives to mitigate potential skin irritation and enable sustained release.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture
08:32

Building Up Skin Models for Numerous Applications - from Two-Dimensional (2D) Monoculture to Three-Dimensional (3D) Multiculture

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry
  • Cosmetic Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microemulsions, liposomes (vesicles), and multiple emulsions are gaining interest in cosmetic formulations.
  • These systems offer improved application, functional benefits, and potentially enhanced safety.
  • They represent novel formulation strategies for the cosmetic industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the application of microemulsions, liposomes, and multiple emulsions in cosmetic formulations.
  • To discuss the principles of formation, stabilization, and potential benefits of these colloidal systems.
  • To address challenges such as skin irritation and ingredient interaction within cosmetic products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of principles for microemulsion, liposome, and multiple emulsion formation and stabilization.
  • Investigation of microemulsion properties, including ingredient solubilization and potential skin barrier interaction.
  • Formulation and stability assessment of a water/oil/water multiple emulsion using optical microscopy and rheological techniques.

Main Results:

  • Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and can solubilize cosmetic ingredients, potentially enhancing skin penetration.
  • Liposomes and vesicles offer an alternative to microemulsions, reducing or eliminating skin irritation.
  • Stable multiple emulsions were formulated, with high molecular weight polysaccharides like Kelzan reducing creaming during storage.

Conclusions:

  • Microemulsions, liposomes, and multiple emulsions provide versatile platforms for advanced cosmetic formulations.
  • Careful formulation is needed to manage potential skin irritation from microemulsions.
  • Multiple emulsions offer advantages in sustained release and ingredient separation, with stability enhanced by specific additives.