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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes
08:44

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Published on: October 23, 2014

Chromatin remodeling during mitosis: a structure-based code?

Spyros D Georgatos1, Yolanda Markaki, Anastasia Christogianni

  • 1Stem Cell and Chromatin Group, University of Ioannina, 45 110, Ioannina, Greece. sgeorgat@cc.uoi.gr

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|March 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone phosphorylation, unlike other histone marks, plays a dual role in gene regulation and cell division. These modifications help control chromatin condensation and structure during mitosis.

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The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin
24:02

The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin

Published on: April 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Histone modifications typically correlate with specific transcriptional states, acting as an 'information code'.
  • Histone phosphorylation presents a paradox, observed in both transcriptionally active and paused mitotic states.
  • Understanding the precise roles of histone phosphorylation in these contrasting cellular processes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the seemingly contrasting roles of histone phosphorylation in gene transcription and mitosis.
  • To investigate how specific histone H3 phosphorylations by Aurora B and haspin kinases influence chromatin structure.
  • To propose a model where histone modifications act as intrinsic folding determinants for mitotic chromosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on histone modifications, kinase activities (Aurora B, haspin), and chromatin dynamics.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence linking histone H3 phosphorylation at serine-10 and threonine-3 to protein recruitment and chromatid cohesion.
  • Integration of data to understand the combinatorial effects of upstream and downstream histone marks.

Main Results:

  • Mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3 (H3S10ph) by Aurora B kinase and H3K9 trimethylation by Suv3,9 can act as a 'binary switch' for heterochromatin protein binding.
  • Haspin kinase-mediated H3T3ph appears to be essential for promoting chromatid cohesion during mitosis.
  • These specific histone phosphorylations, along with other marks, contribute to chromatin condensation and topological specificity in mitotic chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Histone phosphorylation is not a simple 'information code' but exhibits context-dependent functions.
  • Specific histone H3 modifications play critical roles in regulating mitotic chromosome structure and function.
  • A combinatorial system of histone modifications likely governs chromatin folding and mitotic chromosome topology.