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Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Pyrazoles and pyrazolides-flexible synthons in self-assembly.

Malcolm A Halcrow1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKLS2 9JT. m.a.halcrow@leeds.ac.uk

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|March 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pyrazolide anions are highly versatile ligands in coordination chemistry, exhibiting 20 distinct coordination modes. Recent research highlights their use in diverse metal clusters, from main group elements to coinage metals, enabling advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Pyrazoles and their anionic forms (pyrazolides) are fundamental heterocyclic compounds.
  • Their coordination chemistry is crucial for developing novel metal-containing materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the coordination chemistry of pyrazoles and pyrazolide anions.
  • To review metal cluster compounds featuring pyrazolide ligation.
  • To highlight recent advancements in the last decade.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pyrazole and pyrazolide coordination chemistry.
  • Survey of metal cluster compounds utilizing pyrazolide ligands.
  • Analysis of structural diversity and functional properties.

Main Results:

  • Pyrazolide anions demonstrate exceptional versatility as ligands, with 20 identified coordination modes.
  • Diverse metal cluster compounds have been synthesized, including main group and coinage metal complexes.
  • Applications span liquid crystals, supramolecular materials, metal-organic frameworks, and metallacrowns.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrazolide ligation offers a robust platform for constructing complex and functional metal-containing architectures.
  • The versatility of pyrazolides facilitates the design of materials with tunable electronic and structural properties.
  • Continued exploration of pyrazolide-supported clusters promises further innovations in materials science.