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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
12:29

Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

Published on: March 13, 2021

Modeling solute clustering in the diffusion layer around a growing crystal.

Lie-Ding Shiau1, Yung-Fang Lu

  • 1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 33302, Republic of China. shiau@mail.cgu.edu.tw

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study models solute molecule clustering during crystal growth in solution. It reveals how supersaturation and diffusion layer thickness impact cluster size and distribution.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Crystal growth from solution typically involves mass transfer diffusion and surface reaction steps.
  • Solute molecules may form clusters within the diffusion layer before integrating into the crystal lattice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a model simulating solute cluster evolution in the diffusion layer during crystal growth.
  • To investigate the influence of supersaturation and diffusion layer thickness on solute clustering.

Main Methods:

  • A mathematical model was developed to simulate the aggregation and breakage of solute molecules.
  • The model was applied to the crystallization of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) from aqueous solution.

Main Results:

  • The study quantifies the number-average degree of clustering and the size distribution of solute clusters.
  • Results demonstrate the effects of varying supersaturation levels and diffusion layer thicknesses on these parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Solute clustering is a significant phenomenon in the diffusion layer during crystal growth.
  • Supersaturation and diffusion layer thickness are critical factors controlling solute cluster dynamics and size distribution.