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Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Plane Electromagnetic Waves II01:29

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.

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Health physics and aviation: solar cycle 23 (1996-2008).

R J Barish1

  • 1robbarish@verizon.net

Health Physics
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Airline flight crews are occupational radiation workers. Between 1996-2008, radiation exposure studies, cancer incidence research, and improved dose assessment tools like the FAA

Area of Science:

  • Occupational health and safety
  • Radiation physics and dosimetry
  • Aviation medicine

Background:

  • Airline flight crewmembers were classified as occupational radiation workers in 1994.
  • The period 1996-2008 saw significant developments in monitoring and assessing radiation exposure for flight crews.
  • Existing research on cancer incidence in this group yielded mixed conclusions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe scientific and professional activities related to flight crew radiation exposure from 1996-2008.
  • To highlight advancements in radiation measurement, epidemiological studies, and regulatory frameworks.
  • To document the development of tools and systems for managing in-flight radiation risks.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting radiation measurement programs on commercial aircraft flights.

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  • Performing epidemiological studies on cancer incidence in pilots and flight attendants.
  • Developing and revising radiation dose evaluation software (e.g., FAA's CARI) and alert systems.

    • Main Results:

    • Mixed conclusions from epidemiological studies on cancer incidence.
    • Release of updated radiation dose assessment software by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
    • Implementation of European Union (EU) regulations mandating radiation health risk education and dose assessment for flight crew.
    • Establishment of an early-warning system for solar particle events by the FAA.

    Conclusions:

    • Continued scientific and professional efforts were made to manage occupational radiation exposure for flight crews.
    • Regulatory frameworks and technological tools improved the assessment and mitigation of in-flight radiation risks.
    • An early-warning system for solar particle events enhances crew safety.