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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
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Environmental pollutants like...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
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Published on: January 1, 2018

Exploiting ESTs in human health.

Sandro José de Souza1

  • 1Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), which are cDNA fragments, are abundant in public databases. This review highlights their utility in gene discovery and understanding human diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) represent a significant portion of publicly available cDNA sequence data.
  • ESTs are derived from cDNA clones and provide valuable genetic information.
  • They are widely utilized in various genomics and molecular biology applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the major features of publicly available EST datasets.
  • To emphasize the application of ESTs in human disease research.
  • To provide insights into the utility of ESTs for gene discovery and analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies utilizing ESTs.
  • Analysis of EST database content and features.
  • Case studies focusing on EST applications in human disease research.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
14:13

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Published on: January 1, 2018

Finite Element Modelling of a Cellular Electric Microenvironment
08:23

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Published on: May 18, 2021

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Main Results:

  • ESTs are a primary source for gene identification and expression profiling.
  • They facilitate the characterization of differentially expressed genes.
  • EST data aids in the identification of transcript variants.

Conclusions:

  • ESTs are a powerful resource for genomic research.
  • Their application in human disease studies is extensive and impactful.
  • Continued analysis of ESTs will further advance our understanding of human health and disease.