Bromohydrin pyrophosphate enhances antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by therapeutic antibodies

In human blood, 1% to 5% of lymphocytes are gammadelta T cells; they mostly express the gammadelta T-cell receptor (TCR)Vgamma9, recognize nonpeptide phosphoantigens (PAgs) produced by microbes and tumor cells, and mediate different modes of lytic activities directed against tumor target cells. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by cytolytic lymphoid cells is essential for the clinical activity of anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), but whether PAgs affect ADCC by gammadelta T cells is unknown. Here we report that, in association with the CD20(+)-specific mAb rituximab (RTX), the synthetic PAg bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP) increased TCRVgamma9(+) cell binding to CD20(+) lymphoma cells in vitro. This combination activated phospho-ZAP70 and phospho-ERK1/2 signaling in TCRVgamma9(+) cells and strongly enhanced their ADCC activity. We obtained similar results with BrHPP in the context of the mAbs alemtuzumab and trastuzumab. Furthermore, BrHPP enhanced RTX-mediated depletion of CD20(+) cells in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects and enhanced ADCC by gammadelta T cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In cynomolgus macaques, a regimen combining RTX, BrHPP, and IL2 activated TCRVgamma9(+) lymphocytes and enhanced B-cell depletion from blood and lymph nodes. Thus, the combination with BrHPP PAg is able to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by therapeutic mAbs.