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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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Clostridium difficile: a new zoonotic agent?

Alexander Indra1, Heimo Lassnig, Nina Baliko

  • 1Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Reference Center for Clostridium difficile, Wien, Austria. Alexander.Indra@ages.at

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
|March 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) was detected in Austrian livestock, including cows, pigs, and chickens. This study suggests animals may be a source of C. difficile infections in humans through food.

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Area of Science:

  • Food Safety
  • Microbiology
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a significant nosocomial pathogen causing diarrhea and colitis.
  • C. difficile infections (CDI) are increasing in hospitals and the community.
  • Recent findings indicate C. difficile presence in food and animal populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of C. difficile in food-producing animals and meat products in Austria.
  • To identify potential animal reservoirs contributing to human CDI.

Main Methods:

  • Fecal/gut samples from 67 cows, 61 pigs, and 59 broiler chickens were collected at Austrian abattoirs.
  • Meat samples (beef, pork, chicken) were purchased from retail outlets.
  • Samples were tested for the presence of C. difficile, including toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection.

Main Results:

  • C. difficile was found in 4.5% of cow, 3.3% of pig, and 5% of chicken samples.
  • Six isolates (75%) produced toxins A and B, indicating toxigenic potential.
  • No C. difficile was detected in 84 tested meat samples.

Conclusions:

  • Animal reservoirs in Austria harbor C. difficile.
  • Toxigenic C. difficile strains were identified in livestock.
  • Food-borne transmission from animals to humans is a plausible route for C. difficile infection.