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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Connective Tissues01:11

Introduction to Connective Tissues

Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts, osteocytes,...
Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
09:43

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

[Renal involvement in connective tissue diseases].

Satoshi Ito1

  • 1Division of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Improved treatments for kidney disease in connective tissue disorders, like lupus and scleroderma, include new immunosuppressants and blood pressure medications. For myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody related glomerulonephritis, milder immunosuppression is recommended for older patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
09:43

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Renal involvement in connective tissue diseases (CTDs) like systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis has a better prognosis.
  • Newer immunosuppressants (e.g., tacrolimus) and antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, ARBs) improve outcomes by reducing glomerular hypertension.
  • Myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) related glomerulonephritis patients are typically older than those with Wegener's granulomatosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the evolving treatment strategies for renal involvement in CTDs.
  • To highlight the need for tailored immunosuppressive therapy in MPO-ANCA related glomerulonephritis, particularly for elderly patients.
  • To evaluate the suitability of the Japanese Society of Nephrology treatment guidelines for elderly Japanese patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunosuppressive and antihypertensive therapies for renal CTDs.
  • Analysis of patient demographics and treatment responses in MPO-ANCA related glomerulonephritis.
  • Comparison of international treatment recommendations with Japanese guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Tacrolimus and ACE inhibitors/ARBs are effective in managing renal involvement in CTDs.
  • Strong immunosuppression, common in Western countries, may not be suitable for older MPO-ANCA glomerulonephritis patients.
  • The Japanese Society of Nephrology guidelines appear appropriate for elderly Japanese patients.
  • Mizoribine, a milder immunosuppressant, shows promise in recent reports.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment for renal manifestations of CTDs has significantly improved.
  • Personalized immunosuppressive therapy, considering age and specific glomerulonephritis type, is crucial.
  • The Japanese treatment guidelines offer a suitable approach for elderly Japanese patients with MPO-ANCA related glomerulonephritis.