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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists

Histamine H2 receptors, which are intricately located on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, play a crucial role in modulating gastric acid secretion. When released from enterochromaffin-like cells, histamine engages H2 receptors, initiating the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. In this pathway, adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. The activation of protein kinase A follows, stimulating the proton pump. This stimulation prompts the secretion of hydrogen...

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Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
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The histamine H4 receptor is functionally expressed on T(H)2 cells.

Ralf Gutzmer1, Susanne Mommert, Maria Gschwandtner

  • 1Department of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. gutzmer.ralf@mh-hannover.de

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human CD4(+) T cells express histamine receptor 4 (H(4)R), which is upregulated by IL-4. H(4)R stimulation activates AP-1 and induces IL-31, particularly in T(H)2 cells and atopic dermatitis patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Histamine receptors 1 and 2 influence T-cell responses.
  • Histamine receptor 4 (H(4)R) is expressed on human CD4(+) T cells, but its regulation and function remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression, regulation, and function of H(4)R on human CD4(+) T cells.
  • To determine the role of H(4)R in T-cell signaling and cytokine production.

Main Methods:

  • H(4)R expression analyzed via real-time quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry.
  • Signal transduction molecule induction (AP-1, NF-kappaB) assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.
  • Cytokine production evaluated using RT-PCR and ELISA.

Main Results:

  • CD4(+) T cells express H(4)R mRNA and protein, upregulated by IL-4.
  • H(4)R expression is higher on T(H)2 cells than T(H)1 or naive T-cells.
  • H(4)R agonists induce AP-1 in T(H)2 cells and upregulate IL-31 mRNA, especially in PBMCs from atopic dermatitis patients.

Conclusions:

  • Human CD4(+) T cells possess a functional H(4)R.
  • H(4)R expression is enhanced under T(H)2 conditions.
  • H(4)R stimulation promotes AP-1 activation and IL-31 production, suggesting a role in T(H)2-mediated responses and pruritus.